LRRK2 is involved in heat exposure-induced acute lung injury and alveolar type II epithelial cell dysfunction.

Heat exposure induces excessive hyperthermia associated with systemic inflammatory response that leads to multiple organ dysfunction including acute lung injury. However, how heat impairs the lung remains elusive so far. We aimed to explore the underlying mechanism by focusing on leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), which was associated with lung homeostasis. Both in vivo and in vitro models were induced by heat exposure. Firstly, heat exposure exerted core temperature (Tc) disturbance, pulmonary dysfunction, atelectasis, inflammation, impaired energy metabolism, and reduced surfactant proteins in the lung of mice. In addition, decreased LRRK2 expression and increased heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 were observed with heat exposure in both the lung of mice and alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT2). Furthermore, LRRK2 inhibition aggravated heat exposure-initiated Tc dysregulation, injury in the lung and AT2 cells, and enhanced HSP70 expression. In conclusion, LRRK2 is involved in heat-induced acute lung injury and AT2 cell dysfunction.

Pulmonary Cladosporium infection coexisting with subcutaneous Corynespora cassiicola infection in a patient: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Cladosporium and Corynespora cassiicola (C. cassiicola) infections rarely occur in humans. Mutations in human caspase recruitment domain protein 9 (CARD9) are reported to be associated with fungal diseases. Pulmonary Cladosporium infection coexisting with subcutaneous C. cassiicola infection in a patient with a CARD9 mutation has not been reported in the literature. CASE SUMMARY: A 68-year-old male patient was hospitalized for hypertrophic erythema and deep ulcers on the left upper extremity. He was diagnosed with pneumonia caused by Cladosporium, as identified through bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, and deep dermatophytosis caused by C. cassiicola, as identified through morphological characteristics of the wound secretion culture. He underwent antifungal therapy (voriconazole) and recovered successfully. He carried two mutations in CARD9 (chr9:139266425 and chr9:139262240) and was therefore susceptible to fungal infections. CONCLUSION: This case study is the first to report the coexistence of pulmonary Cladosporium infection and subcutaneous C. cassiicola infection in a patient with CARD9 mutation. Our findings will be helpful in enriching the phenotypic spectrum of fungal infections underlying CARD9 deficiency.

Emodin inhibiting neutrophil elastase-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Notch1 signalling in alveolar epithelial cells.

The transition of alveolar type II epithelial cells into fibroblasts has been reported to cause and/or aggravate pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which is characterized by fibroblast proliferation, an enhanced production and accumulation of ECM (extracellular matrix), alveolar wall damage and functional capillary unit loss. Traditional Chinese medicine Emodin has been reported to inhibit TGF-ß-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in alveolar epithelial cells through Notch signalling. In the present study, neutrophil elastase (NE, also known as ELA2) treatment promoted EMT, Notch1 cleavage (NICD/Notch1 ratio increase) and NICD nuclear translocation in RLE-6TN cells and A549 cells. The promotive roles of NE treatment in these events were significantly reversed by Notch1 knockdown. Traditional Chinese medicine Emodin treatment remarkably inhibited the enzyme activity of NE, suppressed EMT, Notch1 cleavage and NICD nuclear translocation within RLE-6TN and A549 cells, while NE treatment significantly reversed the effects of Emodin. Moreover, in RLE-6TN, the effects of NE on EMT, Notch1 cleavage and NICD nuclear translocation were remarkably attenuated by Emodin treatment and more attenuated by the combination of Emodin and neutrophil elastase inhibitor Sivelestat or notch signal pathway inhibitor DAPT. In conclusion, we revealed the involvement of NE-induced Notch1 cleavage in the functions of Emodin suppressing NE-caused EMT in RLE-6TN cells and A549 cells. This novel mechanism of Emodin inhibiting EMT might extend the application of Emodin in PF treatment.

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis caused by Streptococcus constellatus in an immunocompetent patient: case report and review of the literature.

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a severe infection of the mediastinum. This syndrome manifests as fever and chest pain following cough and sputum production. A 49-year-old woman presented with fever and a 14-day history of pneumonia. CT showed mediastinal abscesses with a giant calcified mediastinal lymph node (21 × 18 mm) and pneumonia. Bronchoscopy by EBUS-TBNA under general anesthesia was performed. The pathogen found in the puncture culture was Streptococcus constellatus, and antibiotics (mezlocillin/sulbactam 3.375 IVGTT q8h) was administered. A proximal right main bronchial neoplasm, suspected lung cancer, was found and conformed to inflammatory granuloma. A total of 22 months post-discharge the patient was clinically stable. We also conducted a review of the literature for all Streptococcus constellatus descending necrotizing mediastinitis infections between 2011 and 2017.

Behcet disease combined with Sjogren syndrome: A unique case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Behcet disease(BD) and Sjogren syndrome(SS) are separate conditions that rarely concomitantly affect an individual. In theory,mild symptoms of patients with BD or SS are easy to igore and,thus,remain undiagnosed. There,it is reasonable to believe there may be some clinical cases of combined diseases that go undiscovered and which needs to be taken seriously. In addition,it has been suggested that herpes simplex virus(HSV) types 1 and 2 are associated with BD,but have not been shown to be correlated to the direct pathogenesis of BD. The role of HSV in BD needs more research and attention. PATIENT CONCERNS: Here,we report a young woman who had both BD and SS. The first symptom of the disease was fever. However,the HSV type 1 IgG and HSV type 2 IgM antibody results were positive in our case and,which rendered this case unique. DIAGNOSES: BD and SS concomitantly affect the individual,and BD was the acute type. INTERVENTIONS: IV methylprednisolone was used for 9 days and then oral glucocorticoids was used to instead,and the treatment works very well. OUTCOMES: BD and SS can concomitantly affect an individual,and we believe that HSV-2 may be directly related to the pathogenesis of BD. The nature of BD as an auto-inflammatory disorder, autoimmune disorder, or both, is controversial. If we can find more patients who combined affected these two disease, it might helpful for us to understand the nature of BD. LESSONS: For patients with clinical diagnosis of BD or SS,we need to be alert that it may combinded the other disease. Long term follow up and detailed inspection are important means to avoid undiscovered.

Chronic myeloid leukemia following repeated diagnostic X-ray exposure for the treatment of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis: A case report and literature review.

Previous studies have indicated that X-ray irradiation may increase the risk of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and the incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is higher than in the general population. Patients with AS usually develop spontaneous pneumothorax several years after the diagnosis of AS. The present study reports the unusual case and complicated clinical history of a 29-year-old man with recurrent pneumothorax and AS, who developed CML following repeated exposure to low doses of radiation via diagnostic X-rays and chest computed tomography imaging. Pneumothorax was diagnosed prior to AS in this patient; the present case report highlights the importance of recognizing AS as a possible underlying cause of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Patients with AS may be more sensitive to injury via X-ray-derived radiation, and even small diagnostic doses may be associated with CML. Diagnostic X-ray exposure should therefore be limited to reduce the risk of radiation-associated malignancies, including CML, particularly in patients with AS.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia following repeated exposure to chest radiography and computed tomography in a patient with pneumothorax: A case report and literature review.

It is well known that radioactive rays may cause damage to the human body. Progress in modern medicine has led to an increased risk of therapeutic and diagnostic radiation exposure of patients. Although clear evidence of a radiation dose-dependent risk of chronic myeloid leukaemia, particularly for patients exposed to radiation at a young age, has been established, it is not known whether radiation exposure during diagnostic imaging also increases the risk of cancer. The present study reports the case of a patient who underwent several diagnostic imaging tests (including repeated chest radiography and computed tomography) for recurrent pneumothorax. At around one year subsequent to these tests, the patient was diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukaemia. The patient exhibited an increase in white blood cell count over time, and a bone marrow smear test showed a myeloid/erythroid ratio of 13.9:1. In addition, the qualitative breakpoint cluster region (BCR)/Abelson (ABL) gene test revealed positive results for BCR/ABL fusion (p210). Based on the data reported in the current case, research aimed at elucidating the potential risks associated with diagnostic radiation is urgently required. It is crucial that medical professionals consider the potential harmful side effects of diagnostic radiation when ordering radiation-based diagnostic imaging examinations.

[Effect of qidong huoxue decoction on inflammatory factors and TLR4 mRNA Expression in acute lung injury rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of qidong huoxue decoction (QHD) on inflammatory factors and Toll-like receptor (TLR4) mRNA expressions in acute lung injury (ALI) rats. METHODS: Totally 50 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into the blank control group, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model group, low, middle, high dose QHD groups according to body weight, 10 rats in each group. Rats in low, middle, high dose QHD groups were intragastrically administered with QHD at 4, 8, and 16 mL/kg 24, 12 h before modeling and 12 h after modeling, respectively. Normal saline was intragastrically administered to rats in the blank control group and the LPS model group. An ALI rat model was established using intratracheal instillation of LPS. Rats were killed after 24-h modeling. Then the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was prepared. Contents of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and L-10 were detected using ELISA. TLR4 mRNA expressions were determined byreal time PCR. RESULTS: Compared with the blank control group, contents of TNF-α, IL-1ß , and IL-10 increased (P <0. 01), TLR4 mRNA expressions also increased in the LPS model group (all P <0. 01). Compared with the LPS model group, contents of TNF-α and IL-1ß decreased (P <0. 05, P <0. 01), IL-10 levels increased (P <0. 01) , TLR4 mRNA expressions were also reduced (P <0. 01), in high and middle dose QHD groups. Compared with the high dose QHD group, con- tents of TNF-α and IL-1ß increased in middle and low dose QHD groups (P <0. 05); IL-10 levels decreased (P <0. 05) in the low dose QHD group(P <0. 05), TLR4 mRNA expressions also increased in the low dose QHD group (P <0. 05). Compared with the middle dose QHD group, IL-10 levels was reduced, but TLR4 mRNA expressions increased in the low dose QHD group (P <0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: QHD had the protective effect on LPS induced ALI rats. Its mechanism might be associated with inhibiting TLR4 mRNA expressions, leading to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-ß, elevated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and thereby, correcting unbalanced inflammation.